MC908MR16CFUE Datasheet, PDF (70/282 Pages) Freescale Semiconductor, Inc – On-chip programming firmware for use with host personal computer, Clock generator module (CGM)

Clock Generator Module (CGM)
4.8 Acquisition/Lock Time Specifications
The acquisition and lock times of the PLL are, in many applications, the most critical PLL design
parameters. Proper design and use of the PLL ensures the highest stability and lowest acquisition/lock
times.
4.8.1 Acquisition/Lock Time Definitions
Typical control systems refer to the acquisition time or lock time as the reaction time, within specified
tolerances, of the system to a step input. In a PLL, the step input occurs when the PLL is turned on or
when it suffers a noise hit. The tolerance is usually specified as a percent of the step input or when the
output settles to the desired value plus or minus a percent of the frequency change. Therefore, the
reaction time is constant in this definition, regardless of the size of the step input. For example, consider
a system with a 5 percent acquisition time tolerance. If a command instructs the system to change from
0 Hz to 1 MHz, the acquisition time is the time taken for the frequency to reach 1 MHz ± 50 kHz.
Fifty kHz = 5% of the 1-MHz step input. If the system is operating at 1 MHz and suffers a –100-kHz noise
hit, the acquisition time is the time taken to return from 900 kHz to 1 MHz ±5 kHz. Five kHz = 5% of the
100-kHz step input.
Other systems refer to acquisition and lock times as the time the system takes to reduce the error between
the actual output and the desired output to within specified tolerances. Therefore, the acquisition or lock
time varies according to the original error in the output. Minor errors may not even be registered. Typical
PLL applications prefer to use this definition because the system requires the output frequency to be
within a certain tolerance of the desired frequency regardless of the size of the initial error.
The discrepancy in these definitions makes it difficult to specify an acquisition or lock time for a typical
PLL. Therefore, the definitions for acquisition and lock times for this module are:
• Acquisition time, t_ACQ, is the time the PLL takes to reduce the error between the actual output
frequency and the desired output frequency to less than the tracking mode entry tolerance, ∆_TRK.
Acquisition time is based on an initial frequency error, (f_DES – f_ORIG)/f_DES, of not more than ±100
percent. In automatic bandwidth control mode (see 4.3.2.3 Manual and Automatic PLL Bandwidth
Modes), acquisition time expires when the ACQ bit becomes set in the PLL bandwidth control
register (PBWC).
• Lock time, t_Lock, is the time the PLL takes to reduce the error between the actual output frequency
and the desired output frequency to less than the lock mode entry tolerance, ∆_Lock. Lock time is
based on an initial frequency error, (f_DES – f_ORIG)/f_DES, of not more than ±100 percent. In automatic
bandwidth control mode, lock time expires when the LOCK bit becomes set in the PLL bandwidth
control register (PBWC). See 4.3.2.3 Manual and Automatic PLL Bandwidth Modes.
Obviously, the acquisition and lock times can vary according to how large the frequency error is and may
be shorter or longer in many cases.
4.8.2 Parametric Influences on Reaction Time
Acquisition and lock times are designed to be as short as possible while still providing the highest possible
stability. These reaction times are not constant, however. Many factors directly and indirectly affect the
acquisition time.
The most critical parameter which affects the reaction times of the PLL is the reference frequency, f_RDV.
This frequency is the input to the phase detector and controls how often the PLL makes corrections. For
stability, the corrections must be small compared to the desired frequency, so several corrections are
MC68HC908MR32 • MC68HC908MR16 Data Sheet, Rev. 6.1
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