COP8AME9 Datasheet, PDF (70/83 Pages) National Semiconductor (TI) – 8-Bit CMOS Flash Microcontroller with 8k Memory, Dual Op Amps, Virtual EEROM, Temperature Sensor,10-Bit A/D and Brownout Reset

22.0 Instruction Set (Continued)
or decremented after execution, allowing easy manipulation
of memory blocks with software loops. In assembly lan-
guage, the notation [B+], [B−], [X+], or [X−] specifies which
register serves as the pointer, and whether the pointer is to
be incremented or decremented.
Example: Exchange Memory with Accumulator, B Indirect
with Post-Increment
X A,[B+]
Reg/Data
Memory
Accumulator
Memory Location
0005 Hex
B Pointer
Contents
Before
03 Hex
62 Hex
05 Hex
Contents
After
62 Hex
03 Hex
06 Hex
Intermediate. The data for the operation follows the instruc-
tion opcode in program memory. In assembly language, the
number sign character (#) indicates an immediate operand.
Example: Load Accumulator Immediate
LD A,#05
Reg/Data
Memory
Accumulator
Contents
Before
XX Hex
Contents
After
05 Hex
Immediate Short. This is a special case of an immediate
instruction. In the “Load B immediate” instruction, the 4-bit
immediate value in the instruction is loaded into the lower
nibble of the B register. The upper nibble of the B register is
reset to 0000 binary.
Example: Load B Register Immediate Short
LD B,#7
Reg/Data
Memory
B Pointer
Contents
Before
12 Hex
Contents
After
07 Hex
Indirect from Program Memory. This is a special case of
an indirect instruction that allows access to data tables
stored in program memory. In the “Load Accumulator Indi-
rect” (LAID) instruction, the upper and lower bytes of the
Program Counter (PCU and PCL) are used temporarily as a
pointer to program memory. For purposes of accessing pro-
gram memory, the contents of the Accumulator and PCL are
exchanged. The data pointed to by the Program Counter is
loaded into the Accumulator, and simultaneously, the original
contents of PCL are restored so that the program can re-
sume normal execution.
Example: Load Accumulator Indirect
LAID
Reg/Data
Memory
PCU
PCL
Accumulator
Memory Location
041F Hex
Contents
Before
04 Hex
35 Hex
1F Hex
25 Hex
Contents
After
04 Hex
36 Hex
25 Hex
25 Hex
22.3.2 Tranfer-of-Control Addressing Modes
Program instructions are usually executed in sequential or-
der. However, Jump instructions can be used to change the
normal execution sequence. Several transfer-of-control ad-
dressing modes are available to specify jump addresses.
A change in program flow requires a non-incremental
change in the Program Counter contents. The Program
Counter consists of two bytes, designated the upper byte
(PCU) and lower byte (PCL). The most significant bit of PCU
is not used, leaving 15 bits to address the program memory.
Different addressing modes are used to specify the new
address for the Program Counter. The choice of addressing
mode depends primarily on the distance of the jump. Farther
jumps sometimes require more instruction bytes in order to
completely specify the new Program Counter contents.
The available transfer-of-control addressing modes are:
• Jump Relative
• Jump Absolute
• Jump Absolute Long
• Jump Indirect
The transfer-of-control addressing modes are described be-
low. Each description includes an example of a Jump in-
struction using a particular addressing mode, and the effect
on the Program Counter bytes of executing that instruction.
Jump Relative. In this 1-byte instruction, six bits of the
instruction opcode specify the distance of the jump from the
current program memory location. The distance of the jump
can range from −31 to +32. A JP+1 instruction is not allowed.
The programmer should use a NOP instead.
Example: Jump Relative
JP 0A
Reg
PCU
PCL
Contents
Before
02 Hex
05 Hex
Contents
After
02 Hex
0F Hex
Jump Absolute. In this 2-byte instruction, 12 bits of the
instruction opcode specify the new contents of the Program
Counter. The upper three bits of the Program Counter re-
main unchanged, restricting the new Program Counter ad-
dress to the same 4k-byte address space as the current
instruction. (This restriction is relevant only in devices using
more than one 4k-byte program memory space.)
Example: Jump Absolute
JMP 0125
Reg
PCU
PCL
Contents
Before
0C Hex
77 Hex
Contents
After
01 Hex
25 Hex
Jump Absolute Long. In this 3-byte instruction, 15 bits of
the instruction opcode specify the new contents of the Pro-
gram Counter.
Example: Jump Absolute Long
JMP 03625
Reg/
Memory
PCU
PCL
Contents
Before
42 Hex
36 Hex
Contents
After
36 Hex
25 Hex
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