XRT75L03D Datasheet, PDF (105/134 Pages) Exar Corporation – THREE CHANNEL E3/DS3/STS-1 LINE INTERFACE UNIT WITH SONET DESYNCHRONIZER

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XRT75L03D
THREE CHANNEL E3/DS3/STS-1 LINE INTERFACE UNIT WITH SONET DESYNCHRONIZER REV. 1.0.0
As a consequence, no "Mapping/De-Mapping" Jitter or Wander is induced in the "Ideal Case".
9.2.2.2 The 44.736Mbps + 1ppm Case
The "above example" was a very ideal case. In reality, there are going to be frequency offsets in both the DS3
and STS-1 signals. For instance Bellcore GR-499-CORE mandates that a DS3 signal have a bit rate of
44.736Mbps ± 20ppm. Hence, the bit-rate of a "Bellcore" compliant DS3 signal can vary from the exact correct
frequency for DS3 by as much of 20ppm in either direction. Similarly, many SONET applications mandate that
SONET equipment use at least a "Stratum 3" level clock as its timing source. This requirement mandates that
an STS-1 signal must have a bit rate that is in the range of 51.84 ± 4.6ppm. To make matters worse, there are
also provisions for SONET equipment to use (what is referred to as) a "SONET Minimum Clock" (SMC) as its
timing source. In this case, an STS-1 signal can have a bit-rate in the range of 51.84Mbps ± 20ppm.
In order to convey the impact that frequency offsets (in either the DS3 or STS-1 signal) will impose on the bit-
stuffing behavior, and the resulting bit-rate, intrinsic jitter and wander within the DS3 signal that is being
transported across the SONET network; let us assume that a DS3 signal, with a bit-rate of 44.736Mbps +
1ppm is being mapped into an STS-1 signal with a bit-rate of 51.84Mbps + 0ppm. In this case, the following
things will occur.
• In general, most of the STS-1 SPE's will each transport 5592 DS3 data bits.
• However, within a "one-second" period, a DS3 signal that has a bit-rate of 44.736Mbps + 1 ppm will deliver
approximately 44.7 additional bits (over and above that of a DS3 signal with a bit-rate of 44.736Mbps + 0
ppm). This means that this particular signal will need to "negative-stuff" or map in an additional DS3 data bit
every (1/44.736 =) 22.35ms. In other words, this additional DS3 data bit will need to be mapped into about
one in every (22.35ms · 8000 =) 178.8 STS-1 SPEs in order to avoid dropping any DS3 data-bits.
What does this mean at the "Source" PTE?
All of this means that as the "Source" PTE maps this DS3 signal, with a data rate of 44.736Mbps + 1ppm into
an STS-1 signal, most of the resulting "outbound" STS-1 SPEs will transport 5592 DS3 data bits (e.g., 3 Stuff
Opportunity bits will be carrying DS3 data bits, the remaining 6 Stuff Opportunity bits are "stuff" bits, as in the
"Ideal" case). However, in approximately one out of 178.8 "outbound" STS-1 SPEs, there will be a need to
insert an additional DS3 data bit within this STS-1 SPE. Whenever this occurs, then (for these particular STS-
1 SPEs) the SPE will be carrying 5593 DS3 data bits (e.g., 4 Stuff Opportunity bits will be carrying DS3 data
bits, the remaining 5 Stuff Opportunity bits are "stuff" bits).
Figure 39 presents an illustration of the STS-1 SPE traffic that will be generated by the "Source" PTE, during
this condition.
FIGURE 39. AN ILLUSTRATION OF THE STS-1 SPE TRAFFIC THAT WILL BE GENERATED BY THE "SOURCE" PTE,
WHEN MAPPING IN A DS3 SIGNAL THAT HAS A BIT RATE OF 44.736MBPS + 1PPM, INTO AN STS-1 SIGNAL
Extra DS3 Data
Bit Stuffed Here
SSoouurrccee
PPTTEE
SPE # N SPE # N+1
55559922
55559922
DDSS33DDaatata DDSS33DDaatata
BBitists
BBitists
SPE # N+177
SPE # N+179
55559922
55559933
55559922
DDSS33DDaatata DDSS33DDaatata DDSS33DDaatata
BBitists
BBitists
BBitists
SPE # N+178
44.736Mbps + 1ppm
STS-1 SPE Data Stream
100