AM186EM Datasheet, PDF (34/98 Pages) List of Unclassifed Manufacturers – MICROCONTROLLER BLOCK DIAGRAM

PRELIMINARY
FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION
AMD’s Am186 and Am188 family of microcontrollers
and microprocessors is based on the architecture of
the original 8086 and 8088 microcontrollers and cur-
rently includes the 80C186, 80C188, 80L186, 80L188,
Am186EM, Am188EM, Am186EMLV, Am188EMLV,
Am186ES, Am188ES, Am186ESLV, Am188ESLV,
Am186ER, and Am188ER microcontrollers.
All family members contain the same basic set of
registers, instructions, and addressing modes and are
compatible with the industry-standard 80C186/188
microcontrollers.
A full description of all the Am186EM and Am188EM
microcontroller registers is included in the Am186EM
and Am188EM Microcontrollers User’s Manual, order#
19713. The instruction set for the Am186EM and
Am188EM microcontrollers is documented in the Am186
and Am188 Family Instruction Set Manual, order# 21267.
Memory Organization
Memory is organized in sets of segments. Each seg-
ment is a linear contiguous sequence of 64K (2¹⁶) 8-bit
bytes. Memory is addressed using a two-component
address that consists of a 16-bit segment value and a
16-bit offset. The 16-bit segment values are contained
in one of four internal segment registers (CS, DS, SS,
or ES). The physical address is calculated by shifting
the segment value left by 4 bits and adding the 16-bit
offset value to yield a 20-bit physical address (see Figure 3).
This allows for a 1-Mbyte physical address size.
All instructions that address operands in memory must
specify the segment value and the 16-bit offset value.
For speed and compact instruction encoding, the seg-
ment register used for physical address generation is
implied by the addressing mode used (see Table 5).
Shift
Left
4 Bits
1
2
A
4 ^Segment
15
0 ^Base Logical
0 0 2 2 ^{Offset Address}
15
0
1 2A 40
19
0
00 0 2 2
15
0
12
19
A 6 2 Physical Address
0
To Memory
Figure 2. Two-Component Address
I/O Space
The I/O space consists of 64K 8-bit or 32K 16-bit ports.
Separate instructions (IN, INS and OUT, OUTS) ad-
dress the I/O space with either an 8-bit port address
specified in the instruction, or a 16-bit port address in
the DX register. Eight-bit port addresses are zero-ex-
tended so that A15–A8 are Low. I/O port addresses
00F8h through 00FFh are reserved. The Am186EM
and Am188EM microcontrollers provide specific in-
structions for addressing I/O space.
Memory Reference
Needed
Instructions
Local Data
Stack
External Data (Global)
Table 5. Segment Register Selection Rules
Segment Register
Used
Code (CS)
Data (DS)
Stack (SS)
Extra (ES)
Implicit Segment Selection Rule
Instructions (including immediate data)
All data references
All stack pushes and pops;
any memory references that use BP Register
All string instruction references that use the DI Register as an index
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Am186/188EM and Am186/188EMLV Microcontrollers