C501_1 Datasheet, PDF (20/121 Pages) Siemens Semiconductor Group – 8-Bit Single-Chip Microcontroller

Fundamental Structure
C501
2.2 CPU Timing
A machine cycle of the C501 consists of 6 states (12 oscillator periods). Each state is devided into
a phase 1 half, during which the phase 1 clock is active, and a phase 2 half, during which the phase
2 clock is active. Thus, a machine cycle consists of 12 oscillator periods, numbererd S1P1 (state 1,
phase 1) through S6P2 (state 6, phase 2). Each state lasts for two oscillator periods. Typically,
arithmetic and logically operations take place during phase 1 and internal register-to-register
transfers take place during phase 2.
The diagrams in figure 2-7 show the fetch/execute timing related to the internal states and phases.
Since these internal clock signals are not user-accessible, the XTAL2 oscillator signals and the ALE
(address latch enable) signal are shown for external reference. ALE is normally activated twice
during each machine cycle: once during S1P2 and S2P1, and again during S4P2 and S5P1.
Execution of a one-cycle instruction begins at S1P2, when the op-code is latched into the instruction
register. If it is a two-byte instruction, the second reading takes place during S4 of the same
machine cycle. If it is a one-byte instruction, there is still a fetch at S4, but the byte read (which would
be the next op-code) is ignored (discarded fetch), and the program counter is not incremented. In
any case, execution is completed at the end of S6P2.
Figures 2-7 (a) and (b) show the timing of a 1-byte, 1-cycle instruction and for a 2-byte, 1-cycle
instruction.
Most C501 instructions are executed in one cycle. MUL (multiply) and DIV (divide) are the only
instructions that take more than two cycles to complete; they take four cycles. Normally two code
bytes are fetched from the program memory during every machine cycle. The only exception to this
is when a MOVX instruction is executed. MOVX is a one-byte, 2-cycle instruction that accesses
external data memory. During a MOVX, the two fetches in the second cycle are skipped while the
external data memory is being addressed and strobed. Figure 2-7 c) and d) show the timing for a
normal 1-byte, 2-cycle instruction and for a MOVX instruction.
Semiconductor Group
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