LTC3784_15 Datasheet, PDF (26/38 Pages) Linear Technology – 60V PolyPhase Synchronous Boost Controller

LTC3784
Applications Information
Other hidden losses, such as copper trace and internal
battery resistances, can account for an additional efficiency
degradation in portable systems. It is very important to
include these system-level losses during the design phase.
Checking Transient Response
The regulator loop response can be checked by looking at
the load current transient response. Switching regulators
take several cycles to respond to a step in DC (resistive)
load current. When a load step occurs, V_OUT shifts by an
amount equal to ΔI_LOAD • ESR, where ESR is the effective
series resistance of C_OUT. ΔI_LOAD also begins to charge or
discharge C_OUT, generating the feedback error signal that
forces the regulator to adapt to the current change and
return V_OUT to its steady-state value. During this recovery
time V_OUT can be monitored for excessive overshoot or
ringing, which would indicate a stability problem. OPTI-
LOOP compensation allows the transient response to be
optimized over a wide range of output capacitance and
ESR values. The availability of the ITH pin not only allows
optimization of control loop behavior, but it also provides
a DC coupled and AC filtered closed loop response test
point. The DC step, rise time and settling at this test
point truly reflects the closed loop response. Assuming a
predominantly second order system, phase margin and/
or damping factor can be estimated using the percentage
of overshoot seen at this pin. The bandwidth can also be
estimated by examining the rise time at the pin. The ITH
external components shown in the Figure 10 circuit will
provide an adequate starting point for most applications.
The ITH series R_C-C_C filter sets the dominant pole-zero
loop compensation. The values can be modified slightly
to optimize transient response once the final PC layout
is complete and the particular output capacitor type and
value have been determined. The output capacitors must
be selected because the various types and values determine
the loop gain and phase. An output current pulse of 20%
to 80% of full-load current having a rise time of 1μs to
10μs will produce output voltage and ITH pin waveforms
that will give a sense of the overall loop stability without
breaking the feedback loop.
Placing a power MOSFET and load resistor directly across
the output capacitor and driving the gate with an ap-
propriate signal generator is a practical way to produce
a realistic load step condition. The initial output voltage
step resulting from the step change in output current may
not be within the bandwidth of the feedback loop, so this
signal cannot be used to determine phase margin. This
is why it is better to look at the ITH pin signal which is
in the feedback loop and is the filtered and compensated
control loop response.
The gain of the loop will be increased by increasing R_C
and the bandwidth of the loop will be increased by de-
creasing C_C. If RC is increased by the same factor that C_C
is decreased, the zero frequency will be kept the same,
thereby keeping the phase shift the same in the most
critical frequency range of the feedback loop. The output
voltage settling behavior is related to the stability of the
closed-loop system and will demonstrate the actual overall
supply performance.
A second, more severe transient is caused by switching
in loads with large (>1μF) supply bypass capacitors. The
discharged bypass capacitors are effectively put in parallel
with C_OUT , causing a rapid drop in V_OUT . No regulator can
alter its delivery of current quickly enough to prevent this
sudden step change in output voltage if the load switch
resistance is low and it is driven quickly. If the ratio of
C_LOAD to C_OUT is greater than 1:50, the switch rise time
should be controlled so that the load rise time is limited to
approximately 25 • C_LOAD. Thus, a 10μF capacitor would
require a 250μs rise time, limiting the charging current
to about 200mA.
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