ATMEGA16M1_1 Datasheet, PDF (34/365 Pages) ATMEL Corporation – 8-bit Microcontroller with 16K/32K/64K Bytes In-System Programmable Flash

5.5.1
Oscillator Calibration Register – OSCCAL
Bit
Read/Write
Initial Value
7
CAL7
R/W
6
CAL6
R/W
5
4
3
2
CAL5
CAL4
CAL3
CAL2
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Device Specific Calibration Value
1
CAL1
R/W
0
CAL0
R/W
OSCCAL
• Bits 7..0 – CAL7..0: Oscillator Calibration Value
The Oscillator Calibration Register is used to trim the Calibrated Internal RC Oscillator to
remove process variations from the oscillator frequency. The factory-calibrated value is automat-
ically written to this register during chip reset, giving an oscillator frequency of 8.0 MHz at 25°C.
The application software can write this register to change the oscillator frequency. The oscillator
can be calibrated to any frequency in the range 7.3 - 8.1 MHz within ±1% accuracy. Calibration
outside that range is not guaranteed.
Note that this oscillator is used to time EEPROM and Flash write accesses, and these write
times will be affected accordingly. If the EEPROM or Flash are written, do not calibrate to more
than 8.8 MHz. Otherwise, the EEPROM or Flash write may fail.
The CAL7 bit determines the range of operation for the oscillator. Setting this bit to 0 gives the
lowest frequency range, setting this bit to 1 gives the highest frequency range. The two fre-
quency ranges are overlapping, in other words a setting of OSCCAL = 0x7F gives a higher
frequency than OSCCAL = 0x80.
The CAL6..0 bits are used to tune the frequency within the selected range. A setting of 0x00
gives the lowest frequency in that range, and a setting of 0x7F gives the highest frequency in the
range. Incrementing CAL6..0 by 1 will give a frequency increment of less than 2% in the fre-
quency range 7.3 - 8.1 MHz.
5.6 PLL
5.6.1
Internal PLL
The internal PLL in ATmega16/32/64/M1/C1 generates a clock frequency that is 64x multiplied
from its nominal 1 MHz input. The source of the 1 MHz PLL input clock can be:
• the output of the internal RC Oscillator divided by 8
• the output of the Crystal Oscillator divided by 8
• the external clock divided by 8
See the Figure 5-3 on page 35.
When the PLL is locked on the RC Oscillator, adjusting the RC Oscillator via OSCCAL Register,
will also modify the PLL clock output. However, even if the possibly divided RC Oscillator is
taken to a higher frequency than 8 MHz, the PLL output clock frequency saturates at 70 MHz
(worst case) and remains oscillating at the maximum frequency. It should be noted that the PLL
in this case is not locked any more with its 1MHz source clock.
Therefore it is recommended not to take the OSCCAL adjustments to a higher frequency than 8
MHz in order to keep the PLL in the correct operating range.
The internal PLL is enabled only when the PLLE bit in the register PLLCSR is set. The bit
PLOCK from the register PLLCSR is set when PLL is locked.
Both internal 8 MHz RC Oscillator, Crystal Oscillator and PLL are switched off in Power-down
and Standby sleep modes.04/09
34 ATmega16/32/64/M1/C1
7647F–AVR–04/09