TA0038 Datasheet, PDF(2/6 Page) RF Micro Devices

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TA0038 Datasheet, PDF (2/6 Pages) RF Micro Devices – DC ACCURATE FSK MODULATOR

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TA0038

fractional number over the cycle rate of the pro-

grammed bits. Different programmed bits can generate

different fractional numbers and thus different synthe-

sized frequencies. If b is the number of bits in the

counter and s is the programmed word, then the frac-

tional number generated is:

# of Qa states per cycle = 2b-s

# of 0s per cycle = 2b-s-1

Then fractional n = 2b-s-1

The synthesized frequency can then be calculated as

F(ref)*(N+n). If s and n(s) represent the space fre-

quency and m and n(m) represent the mark frequency,

then the peak to peak frequency deviation can be cal-

culated as F(ref)*(n(s)-n(m)). This method can pro-

duce smaller deviations with fewer dividers than the

previous method but offers fewer selections from which

to chose.

A simple form of this technique is described in Figure

1. It is implemented with a 4-bit counter and the values

of s and m are chosen such that only 1 of the 4 bits is

different. Therefore, the data to be modulated onto the

carrier is used to set or clear that divider every cycle.

An infinite numbers of cycles can occur at either the

mark of space frequency without correction by the PLL

therefore making this modulator accurate down to DC.

4 -b it

C o u n te r

Load

C lk

C arry

Load out

Modulus

C on tro l

P re s c ale r

Div. by

N / N+1

Phase

D e te c to r

FSK O utput

VCO

R e fe re n c e

O scillator

Reference Oscillator

Load "5"

Carry out

Mod. control (Q a)

Load "7"

Carry out

Mod. control (Q a)

CDE F 5 6 7 8 9 ABCDE F 5 6 7 8 9

Duty Cycle 'n'= 5/11 = 0.454

CDE F 7 8 9 ABCDE F 7 8 9 ABCD

Duty Cycle 'n' = 4/9 = 0.444

Figure 1. DC Accurate FSK Modulator

In the example of Figure 1, a 4-bit counter is used to

control the divider ratio of the prescaler in a PLL syn-

thesizer. The Qa output toggles high and low except

when the carry out is asserted. Then the Qa output

stays high with the correct load value. For a loaded

value of â5â, the Qa output will be low for 5 out of the 11

states of the counter, (16 -5-1)/2. This sets up a ratio

or duty cycle of n=.454. The âBâ bit of the counter can

be changed from a 0 to a 1 to change the load value

from 5 to 7. In this case the Qa output is low for 4 out of

9 states, ((16-7-1)/2) for a duty cycle of n=.444. The

ratios modify the prescaler to produce an output fre-

quency with a fractional divide by ratio, that is 128.454

or 128.444. Therefore the output frequencies differ by

(128.454 - 128.444) times the reference oscillator. The

rate of change on the modulus control pin is very high

relative to the PLL loop bandwidth so the changes are

averaged or smoothed out over time.

A simple hardware implementation of a radio link using

this method is described here. A family of transmitter or

transceiver ICs from RF Micro Devices offer the inter-

nal PLL and dual modulus prescaler which can be

used in this design. The RF2513 was chosen to dem-

onstrate a simple low cost transmitter for USA ISM

band applications. The RF2513 contains all the active

circuitry necessary to implement a single IC FSK trans-

mitter; a reference crystal oscillator, PLL, dual modulus

prescaler, VCO, TX buffer amp, and PA. The RF2513

also has an internal varactor for tuning the VCO. By

using printed inductors for the resonators, the external

component count is minimized. A 74HC161 4-bit

counter is used to implement the counter and a

74HC04 is used for the necessary inversion to load the

counter and to buffer the reference oscillator used for

the clock. The schematic of the final circuit is shown in

Figure 2.

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Figure 2. Example Schematic of DC Accurate

Modulator

13-188

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